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Turbidites
Turbidites are deposits of a turbidity current
(density current moving downslope on ocean floor driven by gravity that
acts on the density difference between the current and the surrounding
seawater due to suspended sediment). This concept was first introduced
by Kuenen and Migliorini in 1950 in their classic paper "Turbidity currents
as a cause of graded beddeing". You can think of turbidites as underwater
landslides.
Turbidity currents can be initiated by earth quakes,
rivers in flood, and sediment failure in rapidly deposited delta fronts. The initial sediments in the current will reflect the source.
Major features
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Sandstones and shales are monotonously interbedded.
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Beds tend to have sharp, flat bases, with no indication
of erosion of sea floor.
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The sharp bases of beds have abundant markings (tool
marks carved by rigid objects).
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Within sandstone beds, the grain size commonly decreases
upward (graded bedding; see Bouma sequence).
Turbidite Facies
Walker divided
deep water clastic rocks into 5 facies associations:
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Classical Turbidites: characterized by monotonous
interbeds of sandstone and shale, with no evidence of topography on the
seafloor. All sandstones cab be described using the Bouma
sequence. In this sequence, deposits
fine upward.
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Massive Sandstones: Much more evidence of erosion
of substrate; beds are commonly associated with channels many meters deep.
The deposits of successive flows also join together (amalgamation) to make
comosite beds (the monotonous aspect of sandstone-shale interbedding is
lost). Most common sedimentary structure of this type is dish and pillar
structure which indicate abundant fluid escape during deposition (see images
from sedimenphica reference).
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Pebbly sandstone:
beds tend to be well graded with internal stratification fairly abundant
and consists of coarse, crude horizontal stratification and commonly channeled
and laterally discontinuous.
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Conglomerates:
Imbrication features which typified by clasts whose long axes lie parallel
to flow and dip upstream. This signifies that clasts have not rolled
on the bed.
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Pebbly mudstone,
debris flows, slumps and slides: Consist of pebbles and distorted clasts
of sandstone and mudstone, dispersed in a silty mudstone matrix.
Reference
Galloway, W. E., Hobday, D. K.,
Terrigenous
Clastic Depositional Systems. Springer-Verlag, 1983
Walker, R. G., James, N. P., Facies
Models. Geological Association of Canada, 1992
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